1. Wang G, Chen Y, Li L, Tang W, Wright JM. First-line renin-angiotensin system inhibitors vs. other first-line antihypertensive drug classes in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of human hypertension. 2018;
2. Chen N, Zhou M, Yang M, Guo J, Zhu C, Yang J, Wang Y, Yang X, He L. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2010;(8):CD003654.
3. Xue H, Lu Z, Tang WL, Pang LW, Wang GM, Wong GW, Wright JM. First-line drugs inhibiting the renin angiotensin system versus other first-line antihypertensive drug classes for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;1(1):CD008170.
4. IDNT (Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2001;345(12):851-60.
5. CONVINCE (Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points)Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Hansson L, Lacourciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(16):2073-82.
6. Roman MJ, Alderman MH, Pickering TG, Pini R, Keating JO, Sealey JE, Devereux RB. Differential effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and diuretic therapy on reductions in ambulatory blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and vascular hypertrophy. American journal of hypertension. 1998;11(4 Pt 1):387-96.
7. ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial)Haywood LJ, Ford CE, Crow RS, Davis BR, Massie BM, Einhorn PT, Williard A, ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Atrial fibrillation at baseline and during follow-up in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;54(22):2023-31
8. Derosa G, Bonaventura A, Romano D, Bianchi L, Fogari E, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P. Effects of enalapril/lercanidipine combination on some emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2014;39(3):277-85
9. VALUE (Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation) Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2022-31.
10. Hayoz D, Zappe DH, Meyer MA, Baek I, Kandra A, Joly MP, Mazzolai L, Haesler E, Periard D. Changes in aortic pulse wave velocity in hypertensive postmenopausal women: comparison between a calcium channel blocker vs angiotensin receptor blocker regimen. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2012;14(11):773-8.
11. FACET (Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial) Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo G, Strollo F. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes care. 1998;21(4):597-603.
12. AASK (African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension) Wright JT, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Cheek D, Douglas-Baltimore JG, Gassman J, Glassock R, Hebert L, Jamerson K, Lewis J, Phillips RA, Toto RD, Middleton JP, Rostand SG. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;288(19):2421-31.
13. ABCD-H (Appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes (hypertensive)) Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. The New England journal of medicine. 1998;338(10):645-52
14. Hajjar I Hajjar I, Hart M, Chen YL, Mack W, Novak V, C Chui H, Lipsitz L. Antihypertensive therapy and cerebral hemodynamics in executive mild cognitive impairment: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013;61(2):194-201
15. Hughes AD, Stanton AV, Jabbar AS, Chapman N, Martinez-Perez ME, McG Thom SA. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on retinal microvascular changes in hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 2008;26(8):1703-7.
16. VHAS (Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study.) Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal Palù C, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. Journal of hypertension. 1998;16(11):1667-76.
17. Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, Fernandez M, Jermendy G, Opie L, Moyseev V, Scheen A, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Saldanha MH, Halabe A, Williams B, Mion Júnior D, Ruiz M, Hermansen K, Tuomilehto J, Finizola B, Gallois Y, Amouyel P, Ollivier JP, Asmar R. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. Journal of hypertension. 2004;22(8):1613-22.
18. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Bertone G, Piccinni MN, Fogari E, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. Comparison of the effects of telmisartan and nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system on blood pressure control, glucose metabolism, and the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild hypertension: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind study. Clinical therapeutics. 2004;26(8):1228-36
19. Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N, De Quattro V, Bella JN, de Simone G, Walker JF, Hahn RT, Dahlöf B. Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension: the prospective randomized enalapril study evaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (preserve) trial. Circulation. 2001;104(11):1248-54.
20. ASCOT-LLA (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm) Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-58
21. NICS-EH (National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group) National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Hypertension. 1999;34(5):1129-33
22. INVEST (International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study) Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;290(21):2805-16
23. NORDIL (The Nordic Diltiazem Study) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, Lanke J, de Faire U, Dahlöf B, Karlberg BE. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):359-65.
24. TOMHS (Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study) Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, Cutler JA, Flack JM, Schoenberger JA, McDonald R. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 1993;270(6):713-24.
25. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Williams DW, Materson BJ, Cushman W, Anderson RJ. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left atrial size in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. Circulation. 1998;98(2):140-8.
26. Baguet JP, Asmar R, Valensi P, Nisse-Durgeat S, Mallion JM. Effects of candesartan cilexetil on carotid remodeling in hypertensive diabetic patients: the MITEC study. Vascular health and risk management. 2009;5(1):175-83.
27. MIDAS (Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study) Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Canossa-Terris M, Carr AA, Kappagoda T, Rocco MV, Schnaper HW, Sowers JR, Bond MG. Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 1996;276(10):785-91
28. Gerritsen TA, Bak AA, Stolk RP, Jonker JJ, Grobbee DE. Effects of nitrendipine and enalapril on left ventricular mass in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 1998;16(5):689-96.
29. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Maffioli P, Mugellini A, Preti P, Perrone T, Derosa G. Effect of telmisartan on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recurrence in hypertensive patients with normal or increased left atrial size. Clinical cardiology. 2012;35(6):359-64.
30. BENEDICT (BErgamo NEphrologic DIabetes Complications Trial) Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Iliev IP, Brusegan V, Rubis N, Gherardi G, Arnoldi F, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Gaspari F, Perna A, Bossi A, Trevisan R, Dodesini AR, Remuzzi G, Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(19):1941-51.
31. Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Mennella S, Manzo G, Grieco M, Rainone AC, Iarussi D, Iacono A. Comparison of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide on cognitive function and quality of life in hypertensive patients. American journal of hypertension. 1999;12(11 Pt 1):1130-4.
32. Mancia G, Omboni S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Casati R, Fogari R, Leonetti G, Montemurro G, Nami R, Pessina AC, Pirrelli A, Zanchetti A. Antihypertensive efficacy of manidipine and enalapril in hypertensive diabetic patients. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2000;35(6):926-31.
33. STOP-hypertension-2 (The Swedish Trial in old patients with hypertension-2) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Scherstén B, Wester PO, Hedner T, de Faire U. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet. 1999;354(9192):1751-6.
34. ABCD-N (Appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes (normotensive)) Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney international. 2002;61(3):1086-97.
35. Pedersen EB, Bech JN, Nielsen CB, Kornerup HJ, Hansen HE, Spencer ES, Sølling J, Jensen KT. A comparison of the effect of ramipril, felodipine and placebo on glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, blood pressure and vasoactive hormones in chronic glomerulonephritis. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study over two years. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. 1997;57(8):673-81.
36. Fogari, Roberto, Zoppi, Annalisa, Corradi, Luca, Poletti, Luigi, Pasotti, Michele, Fogari, Elena, Mugellini, Amedeo. Long-term effects of amlodipine versus fosinopril on microalbuminuria in elderly hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current therapeutic research. 2000;61(3):163-173.
37. Esnault VL, Brown EA, Apetrei E, Bagon J, Calvo C, DeChatel R, Holdaas H, Krcmery S, Kobalava Z, Amlodipine Versus Enalapril in Renal failure (AVER) Study Group. The effects of amlodipine and enalapril on renal function in adults with hypertension and nondiabetic nephropathies: a 3-year, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical therapeutics. 2008;30(3):482-98
38. MRC-1 (Medical Research Council) MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1992;304(6824):405-12
39. ELSA (European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis) Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M, Neiss A, Mancia G, Dal Palù C, Hansson L, Magnani B, Rahn KH, Reid JL, Rodicio J, Safar M, Eckes L, Rizzini P. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation. 2002;106(19):2422-7.
40. Luque Otero M, Martell Claros N, Study Investigators Group. Manidipine versus enalapril monotherapy in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 24-week study. Clinical therapeutics. 2005;27(2):166-73.
41. Dahlöf B, Hansson L. The influence of antihypertensive therapy on the structural arteriolar changes in essential hypertension: different effects of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. Journal of internal medicine. 1993;234(3):271-9.
42. Schmieder RE, Philipp T, Guerediaga J, Gorostidi M, Smith B, Weissbach N, Maboudian M, Botha J, van Ingen H. Long-term antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren: a 12-month randomized, double-blind comparator trial with hydrochlorothiazide. Circulation. 2009;119(3):417-25
43. Petersen LJ, Petersen JR, Talleruphuus U, Møller ML, Ladefoged SD, Mehlsen J, Jensen HA. A randomized and double-blind comparison of isradipine and spirapril as monotherapy and in combination on the decline in renal function in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. Clinical nephrology. 2001;55(5):375-83
44. Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, Graeff PA, Meyboom-de Jong B, Crijns HJ. Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial). Journal of hypertension. 2004;22(7):1309-16
45. Tarnow L, Sato A, Ali S, Rossing P, Nielsen FS, Parving HH. Effects of nisoldipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and function in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes care. 1999;22(3):491-4
46. Schram MT, van Ittersum FJ, Spoelstra-de Man A, van Dijk RA, Schalkwijk CG, Ijzerman RG, Twisk JW, Stehouwer CD. Aggressive antihypertensive therapy based on hydrochlorothiazide, candesartan or lisinopril as initial choice in hypertensive type II diabetic individuals: effects on albumin excretion, endothelial function and inflammation in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Journal of human hypertension. 2005;19(6):429-37.
47. Dalla Vestra M, Pozza G, Mosca A, Grazioli V, Lapolla A, Fioretto P, Crepaldi G. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL study (diabete, ipertensione, albuminuria, lercanidipina). Diabetes, nutrition & metabolism. 2004;17(5):259-66
48. Sørensen VB, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Parving H, Nørgaard T, Kastrup J. Effects of nisoldipine and lisinopril on microvascular dysfunction in hypertensive Type I diabetes patients with nephropathy. Clinical science (London, England : 1979). 1998;95(6):709-17.
49. INSIGHT (Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment) Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Ruilope LM. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet. 2000;356(9227):366-72.
50. SHELL (Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Lacidipine Long-Term study) Malacco E, Mancia G, Rappelli A, Menotti A, Zuccaro MS, Coppini A. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension: the SHELL study results. Blood pressure. 2003;12(3):160-7
51. Hauf-Zachariou U, Widmann L, Zülsdorf B, Hennig M, Lang PD. A double-blind comparison of the effects of carvedilol and captopril on serum lipid concentrations in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and dyslipidaemia. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 1993;45(2):95-100.

1. Wang G, Chen Y, Li L, Tang W, Wright JM. First-line renin-angiotensin system inhibitors vs. other first-line antihypertensive drug classes in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of human hypertension. 2018;
2. Chen N, Zhou M, Yang M, Guo J, Zhu C, Yang J, Wang Y, Yang X, He L. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2010;(8):CD003654.
3. Xue H, Lu Z, Tang WL, Pang LW, Wang GM, Wong GW, Wright JM. First-line drugs inhibiting the renin angiotensin system versus other first-line antihypertensive drug classes for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;1(1):CD008170.
4. IDNT (Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2001;345(12):851-60.
5. CONVINCE (Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points)Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Hansson L, Lacourciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(16):2073-82.
6. Roman MJ, Alderman MH, Pickering TG, Pini R, Keating JO, Sealey JE, Devereux RB. Differential effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and diuretic therapy on reductions in ambulatory blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and vascular hypertrophy. American journal of hypertension. 1998;11(4 Pt 1):387-96.
7. ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial)Haywood LJ, Ford CE, Crow RS, Davis BR, Massie BM, Einhorn PT, Williard A, ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Atrial fibrillation at baseline and during follow-up in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;54(22):2023-31
8. Derosa G, Bonaventura A, Romano D, Bianchi L, Fogari E, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P. Effects of enalapril/lercanidipine combination on some emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2014;39(3):277-85
9. VALUE (Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation) Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2022-31.
10. Hayoz D, Zappe DH, Meyer MA, Baek I, Kandra A, Joly MP, Mazzolai L, Haesler E, Periard D. Changes in aortic pulse wave velocity in hypertensive postmenopausal women: comparison between a calcium channel blocker vs angiotensin receptor blocker regimen. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2012;14(11):773-8.
11. FACET (Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial) Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo G, Strollo F. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes care. 1998;21(4):597-603.
12. AASK (African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension) Wright JT, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Cheek D, Douglas-Baltimore JG, Gassman J, Glassock R, Hebert L, Jamerson K, Lewis J, Phillips RA, Toto RD, Middleton JP, Rostand SG. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;288(19):2421-31.
13. ABCD-H (Appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes (hypertensive)) Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. The New England journal of medicine. 1998;338(10):645-52
14. Hajjar I Hajjar I, Hart M, Chen YL, Mack W, Novak V, C Chui H, Lipsitz L. Antihypertensive therapy and cerebral hemodynamics in executive mild cognitive impairment: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013;61(2):194-201
15. Hughes AD, Stanton AV, Jabbar AS, Chapman N, Martinez-Perez ME, McG Thom SA. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on retinal microvascular changes in hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 2008;26(8):1703-7.
16. VHAS (Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study.) Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal Palù C, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. Journal of hypertension. 1998;16(11):1667-76.
17. Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, Fernandez M, Jermendy G, Opie L, Moyseev V, Scheen A, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Saldanha MH, Halabe A, Williams B, Mion Júnior D, Ruiz M, Hermansen K, Tuomilehto J, Finizola B, Gallois Y, Amouyel P, Ollivier JP, Asmar R. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. Journal of hypertension. 2004;22(8):1613-22.
18. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Bertone G, Piccinni MN, Fogari E, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. Comparison of the effects of telmisartan and nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system on blood pressure control, glucose metabolism, and the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild hypertension: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind study. Clinical therapeutics. 2004;26(8):1228-36
19. Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N, De Quattro V, Bella JN, de Simone G, Walker JF, Hahn RT, Dahlöf B. Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension: the prospective randomized enalapril study evaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (preserve) trial. Circulation. 2001;104(11):1248-54.
20. ASCOT-LLA (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm) Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-58
21. NICS-EH (National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group) National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Hypertension. 1999;34(5):1129-33
22. INVEST (International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study) Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;290(21):2805-16
23. NORDIL (The Nordic Diltiazem Study) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, Lanke J, de Faire U, Dahlöf B, Karlberg BE. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):359-65.
24. TOMHS (Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study) Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, Cutler JA, Flack JM, Schoenberger JA, McDonald R. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 1993;270(6):713-24.
25. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Williams DW, Materson BJ, Cushman W, Anderson RJ. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left atrial size in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. Circulation. 1998;98(2):140-8.
26. Baguet JP, Asmar R, Valensi P, Nisse-Durgeat S, Mallion JM. Effects of candesartan cilexetil on carotid remodeling in hypertensive diabetic patients: the MITEC study. Vascular health and risk management. 2009;5(1):175-83.
27. MIDAS (Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study) Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Canossa-Terris M, Carr AA, Kappagoda T, Rocco MV, Schnaper HW, Sowers JR, Bond MG. Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 1996;276(10):785-91
28. Gerritsen TA, Bak AA, Stolk RP, Jonker JJ, Grobbee DE. Effects of nitrendipine and enalapril on left ventricular mass in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 1998;16(5):689-96.
29. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Maffioli P, Mugellini A, Preti P, Perrone T, Derosa G. Effect of telmisartan on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recurrence in hypertensive patients with normal or increased left atrial size. Clinical cardiology. 2012;35(6):359-64.
30. BENEDICT (BErgamo NEphrologic DIabetes Complications Trial) Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Iliev IP, Brusegan V, Rubis N, Gherardi G, Arnoldi F, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Gaspari F, Perna A, Bossi A, Trevisan R, Dodesini AR, Remuzzi G, Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(19):1941-51.
31. Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Mennella S, Manzo G, Grieco M, Rainone AC, Iarussi D, Iacono A. Comparison of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide on cognitive function and quality of life in hypertensive patients. American journal of hypertension. 1999;12(11 Pt 1):1130-4.
32. Mancia G, Omboni S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Casati R, Fogari R, Leonetti G, Montemurro G, Nami R, Pessina AC, Pirrelli A, Zanchetti A. Antihypertensive efficacy of manidipine and enalapril in hypertensive diabetic patients. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2000;35(6):926-31.
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